Glossary

Failure of expected support from an ally.

Time away from scheduled work.

A component that creates physical movement.

Action that reduces harm from climate impacts.

The benefit that would not occur without an intervention.

Building an object by adding material layer by layer.

A hormone that rapidly prepares the body for action.

The relationship between housing costs and household income.

Creating forest where there was little or no recent forest.

Progressive biological change associated with declining resilience.

A proposed AI able to perform across many intellectual domains.

Farming approaches based on ecological relationships.

Weapons and systems used to detect and intercept aircraft, missiles and drones.

How much sunlight a surface reflects.

A set of instructions used to sort or recommend content.

A set of instructions a computer follows to solve a problem.

Using automated systems to support public decisions.

Making system behaviour consistent with intended human goals.

A normally harmless substance that triggers an allergic response.

A formal arrangement to cooperate on security.

An agreement between states to cooperate, often on security.

Distribution of available water among users or states.

Cumulative wear from repeated adaptation to stress.

A rapid, severe allergic reaction affecting the whole body.

A state’s declaration that it has incorporated another state’s territory; most governments rejected Russia’s 2014 and 2022 annexation claims.

A medicine that acts against bacteria

A medicine used to treat bacterial infections.

Immune protein recognizing a target

When microbes stop responding to medicines.

Medicine that interferes with a virus

Persistent fear or worry that causes distress or impairment.

The US programme that landed astronauts on the Moon

An underground layer of rock or soil that stores water.

A binding decision by a tribunal accepted by the parties.

The northern polar region, defined in different ways for different purposes.

NASA’s current lunar exploration campaign

Computer systems that perform tasks associated with human intelligence.

A prohibition on dealing with specified assets under applicable rules.

Protection requested in another country through a legal process.

Gases surrounding a planet

The gradual reduction of a force through losses, exhaustion and the consumption of equipment.

Technology helping a person perform a task.

Digital information layered onto the physical world.

An immune response directed against the body’s own tissues.

Using technology to perform tasks with less direct human effort.

Technology completing a task with limited human input.

A vehicle able to perform some driving tasks without direct human control.

A weapon system that can perform critical functions without direct intervention.

The ability to operate with limited direct control.

A separate infrastructure location within a cloud region.

A single-celled microorganism

A distribution or adjustment of capabilities among states.

Ability to influence the terms of an agreement.

The ability to influence the terms of an exchange.

A person’s usual pattern used for comparison.

The smallest unit that stores and releases electrochemical energy.

A standard task used to compare performance.

Cooperation over gains such as energy or reduced flood risk.

A systematic tendency that can create unfair or distorted results.

Methods that prevent an engineered organism spreading.

The variety of life and ecosystems.

The variety of living things and ecosystems.

A facility that automates biological design and testing.

Physical and physiological traits associated with sex.

A measurable feature guiding care

A measurable indicator of a biological state.

A measurable sign of a biological condition.

A measurable indicator of disease or biological response.

Living or recently living biological material.

Measurements of physical or behavioural characteristics.

Using cells and biomaterials to build tissue-like structures.

Removal of tissue for examination.

A vessel that supports a controlled biological process.

Practices that reduce risks from biological work.

Using living systems to create useful products or processes.

A system dominated by two principal centres.

An operation to prevent specified access or movement.

Carbon stored by coastal and marine ecosystems.

The recognised line separating two countries or territories.

A point where limited capacity slows the whole system.

A limit between areas of jurisdiction.

A 1994 document in which Russia, the US and UK gave security assurances linked to Ukraine’s sovereignty and borders.

A year in which government spending exceeds revenue.

Distribution of costs and responsibilities.

Protein shell around a viral genome

The remaining amount of emissions compatible with a temperature goal.

Collecting carbon dioxide before or after it reaches the atmosphere.

A gas dominant in Mars’s air

A greenhouse gas released by fossil fuels, land use and other processes.

Taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and storing it.

A system that absorbs more carbon than it releases.

A system that releases more carbon than it absorbs.

The battery electrode that receives electrons during discharge.

Digital central-bank money available in a new electronic form.

An agreement or order to stop fighting, which may or may not become a permanent peace treaty.

An agreement to pause fighting.

A temporary stoppage of fighting, often a step towards peace negotiations.

Growing cells under controlled laboratory conditions.

A state in which damaged cells stop dividing but remain active.

An institution responsible for monetary policy and financial stability.

The institution responsible for monetary policy and currency stability.

A cell used as the base for an engineered system.

A small specialised chip combined with others in one package.

A person who is not a member of the armed forces.

Non-combatant individuals who are harmed or killed during armed conflicts.

Adjustments that reduce harm from climate impacts.

Money used to support mitigation and adaptation.

Movement influenced partly by climate-related conditions.

The temperature response to a change in atmospheric forcing.

A study testing a health intervention in people.

Remote computing resources delivered as a service.

A group coordinating around shared objectives.

Robots designed to work alongside people.

Temperature-controlled storage and transport for perishable food.

Negotiation between workers and employers as groups.

Assistance to a member facing an armed attack under agreed conditions.

Changing an orbit to reduce the risk of impact.

A basic good traded in large quantities.

Technology or skill that increases another worker’s productivity.

Following the applicable restrictions.

A large share of supply located in few producers or places.

The amount of a substance present in the atmosphere.

The danger created by relying heavily on one supplier, route, technology or source of finance.

Expectations that influence spending and investment.

Subjective awareness, whose relationship to machines remains disputed.

A coordinated group of satellites.

An area represented by an elected official.

A tax applied when goods or services are bought.

A standard box used to move goods between ships, trains and trucks.

Seabed and subsoil subject to specified coastal-state rights.

Seabed and subsoil over which a coastal state has specified rights.

A roof designed to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.

The loss of algae that feed and colour stressed coral.

A hormone involved in energy regulation and stress.

A reasoned estimate of what would have happened otherwise.

The share of a target population that receives a vaccine.

How believable a commitment appears.

Money made available to borrow.

A sharp reduction in the availability of loans.

A Black Sea peninsula internationally recognised as part of Ukraine and controlled by Russia since 2014.

A family of tools used for targeted gene editing.

A material assessed as important and exposed to supply risk.

The amount of crop produced per unit of land.

The frozen parts of Earth’s climate system.

A digital asset recorded through cryptographic networks.

A continuous movement of ocean water.

The number of charge-and-discharge cycles a battery can sustain.

A facility housing servers, networks and storage.

Public debt compared with the size of the economy.

Software translating brain signals into an intended action.

The loss of delicate quantum behaviour through environmental interaction.

Synthetic media designed to imitate a real person or event.

Synthetic media made to imitate a real person or event.

Failure to meet promised debt payments.

The permanent removal of forest cover.

Defining a boundary in law or an agreement.

The amount people and firms want to buy.

Spending by households, firms and governments.

Marking a boundary on the ground.

A system in which people participate in choosing political leadership.

Reliance on a relationship that is costly to replace.

A disorder involving sustained low mood or loss of interest.

Removing salt from seawater to make fresh water.

Discouraging an action by affecting expected costs or benefits.

Discouraging action through expected consequences.

Trying to prevent an action by threatening a costly response.

Identification of an illness

The process of identifying a disease or condition.

A systematic difference in how symptoms are interpreted or investigated.

The overall combination of foods eaten over time.

Money represented and transferred electronically.

A computer representation of an object’s shape.

A digital model of a physical place or system.

Managing relations and disputes through negotiation.

A state’s formal recognition of another state or government.

Using equipment to extract carbon dioxide from ambient air.

False information spread deliberately to mislead.

Loss of work because a task or role is replaced.

Forced movement away from a home or place of usual residence.

Being forced to leave home because of danger or disaster.

Spreading relationships or supply across more options.

Using several suppliers or routes to reduce dependence.

The molecule carrying genetic instructions.

The system translating domain names into network addresses.

A region in eastern Ukraine commonly referring to Donetsk and Luhansk.

Ukrainian regions where Russia-backed separatist administrations fought Kyiv from 2014.

Further along in the direction of flow.

Many coordinated unmanned systems operating together.

A prolonged period of unusually low water availability.

A period of unusually low water availability.

A long period with unusually little water available.

Serving both civilian and military purposes.

A disrupted microbial community associated with impaired function.

Information issued before a dangerous event.

An increase in the output of an economy.

A benefit people receive from nature.

The rules that turn votes into seats or offices.

A conductor used to detect or deliver electrical activity.

The material carrying ions between electrodes.

Using radio signals to jam, deceive or disrupt communications, navigation and sensors.

Stopping ongoing transmission in a defined area.

A prohibition on specified trade.

A glowing piece of burning material carried by wind.

The release of a substance into the atmosphere.

Encoding information so only authorised parties can read it.

The energy stored relative to weight or volume.

The combination of sources a country uses.

Reliable access to affordable energy without major disruption.

Measures to detect and address violations.

A strong quantum link between particles or qubits.

Being drawn into an ally’s conflict.

Outer fatty membrane of some viruses

Water conditions needed to sustain river ecosystems.

A disease spreading rapidly within a community or region.

Permanent worldwide reduction of a disease to zero natural cases.

An increase in the intensity or scope of a conflict.

Costs for needs such as food, energy and housing.

The European Union, a political and economic union whose members share rules and a single market.

The 2013–14 protest movement in Ukraine that began over the EU agreement and broadened into demands for political change.

Moving people away from an area of danger.

The process through which liquid water becomes vapour and removes heat.

Cooling as water moves from soil and plants into the air.

Information used to support an explanation.

The value of one currency compared with another.

A maritime zone with specified resource and economic rights.

What people and businesses believe prices will do next.

A rule limiting outward trade.

The people or assets located where a hazard can occur.

A cost or benefit affecting people outside a transaction.

Technology matching faces to stored images.

A safe response when automation cannot continue.

An alert suggesting a condition that is not present.

A process that amplifies or reduces an initial change.

A process in which an effect returns to influence the condition that helped create it.

The material supplied to a manufacturing process.

Using microorganisms to transform biological material.

Material added to soil to help crops grow.

Weather conditions that support fire ignition and spread.

A gap in vegetation designed to slow a fire.

A government’s ability to raise and spend money without creating unsustainable financial pressure.

Government decisions about spending, taxes and borrowing.

A limit or target for public finances.

Government spending, loans or tax measures intended to protect households and businesses.

An interest rate that stays unchanged for an agreed period.

A period when symptoms become more active.

The ability to vary when, where or how work is done.

The physical, economic and social conditions shaping food choices.

The rate at which food prices rise over time.

Reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food.

The activities connecting production, processing, distribution and consumption.

The network of who eats whom in an ecosystem.

A company that manufactures chips designed by customers.

Separation of networks or rules into less-connected groups.

The amount of burnable material available to a fire.

A temporary arrangement in which a worker remains employed while government or an employer supports their income during a shutdown.

Joining light atomic nuclei to release energy.

Social roles, identities and expectations that can influence health.

A section of DNA associated with a biological function.

Movement of genes between organisms

The UN body representing all member states.

Applying learned knowledge to unfamiliar situations.

Systems producing text, images, audio or code.

An AI system that creates new content from learned patterns.

DNA components arranged to control cellular behaviour.

Genetic instructions

The complete set of an organism’s genetic material.

Keeping carbon dioxide in deep rock formations.

Cells whose genetic changes can pass to descendants.

The study of ageing and older populations.

A proposed intervention intended to slow mechanisms of ageing.

A long-lasting mass of moving ice on land.

A financial claim promising repayment by a government.

Attraction between masses

Plants, soils and natural systems used in urban design.

Controlled space for growing plants

A gas that absorbs and re-emits heat in the atmosphere.

The network carrying electricity to users.

The value of goods and services produced in an economy.

Water held below the ground in soil and rock.

The conditions that allow people to live safely in a place.

A shelter for crews

A protected living space

A confident-looking AI response that is inaccurate or invented.

Influence through coercive or material capabilities.

The amount of crop produced from a given area of land.

The period of life spent in good health.

The amount of heat a person experiences over time.

Extra warmth caused by dense built surfaces.

The ability to cope with and recover from extreme heat.

Damage caused when temperatures exceed biological tolerance.

Physical strain caused by excessive heat.

A period of unusually high temperatures for a place and season.

A period of unusually hot weather lasting several days.

Preserving options across competing relationships.

Indirect protection when enough people are immune to slow spread.

A chemical released during many allergic reactions.

Organism used by a virus

A country where displaced people or migrants settle.

The desire and ability to obtain homes in a place.

The homes available for people to buy or rent.

A political and armed group from northern Yemen, involved in the conflict.

Skills, knowledge and health that support work.

The degree of meaningful human involvement in a decision.

People checking, guiding and taking responsibility for AI output.

A situation in which a large number of people suffer from severe deprivation of basic needs.

An exception allowing specified humanitarian activity.

The amount of water vapour in the air.

Electricity generated using moving water.

Electricity generated from moving water.

Warming that reduces reflective ice and increases heat absorption.

A vessel designed to navigate through ice.

A state in which fusion heating sustains the reaction.

The body’s ability to recognise and resist an infection.

A medicine that reduces immune activity.

Treatment that uses immune responses

Controlled exposure intended to reduce allergic sensitivity.

Treatment that helps the immune system act against disease.

Implementing a mandate without favouring a party.

A reason that encourages a person or organisation to act.

A tax on earnings or other income.

Automatically adjusting a payment when prices change.

Distinct peoples with enduring connections to ancestral lands and institutions.

Unequal distribution of income, wealth or opportunity.

Measures limiting spread of germs

A protective response that can also damage tissue when excessive.

A broad increase in prices across an economy over time.

A broad and sustained rise in prices.

A broad rise in prices over time.

The physical and digital systems that support daily life.

The physical and digital systems a technology depends on.

Physical and digital systems that enable economic activity.

The development or adoption of new ideas and methods.

An organisation or rule that structures collective decisions.

Rules and organisations that structure social and economic life.

The process of taking part in a new community and society.

A cable or pipeline linking the energy systems of two areas.

Mutual reliance through economic or other connections.

The cost of servicing borrowed money.

The cost of borrowing money, usually expressed as a percentage.

The price paid to borrow money or the return earned by saving.

The price paid to borrow money or earned by saving it.

Someone forced from home who remains inside their country.

Rules designed to limit suffering during armed conflict.

A location where different networks connect and exchange traffic.

Physical devices connected to networks and data systems.

The ability of different forces to work together.

Goods and materials kept in stock.

Spending intended to create future productive capacity.

A change that cannot easily be undone on a relevant timescale.

Artificial delivery of water to crops.

Supplying water to crops through channels, pipes or sprinklers.

The pay, security, autonomy and conditions attached to work.

The conditions, security and value of work.

A shared institution for managing cooperation.

An arrangement to cooperate over resources without necessarily settling ownership.

Receiving inputs close to the moment they are needed.

The system connecting workers and employers.

The part of national income paid to workers.

The rules governing rights to use or own land.

The market value of a site before construction.

A craft that descends to a surface

A limited period when a mission can follow an efficient route.

When protection in one place shifts damaging activity elsewhere.

Treated water lost through damaged or ageing pipes.

A record of transactions and balances.

Money recognised by law for settling debts.

Public acceptance that authority or a process is valid.

A sensor using laser light to measure distance.

Systems that sustain breathable air and water

Systems providing air, water, temperature control and waste management.

The length of an organism’s life.

Legal protections concerning the commercial use of identity.

Natural gas cooled into liquid form for transport by ship.

The process used to pattern extremely small chip features.

The work and resources supporting a household’s life.

People’s material conditions and access to services.

Planning how goods move and are stored.

An orbital region relatively close to Earth.

A path around the Moon

Able to invade and spread

Poor health caused by insufficient or unbalanced nutrition.

Software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access.

The authorised task and scope of an operation or institution.

A community of ocean organisms and their environment.

An ocean zone managed to conserve nature and resources.

The amount added to a cost to set a selling price.

The date when a debt must be repaid.

Assistance from a third party in reaching agreement.

Helping parties negotiate an agreement.

Water produced when snow or ice melts.

Emotional, psychological and social wellbeing.

Control over information inferred from a person’s brain activity.

The chemical processes that use and transform energy in the body.

Information describing other data, such as time or location.

Spread to another body site

The spread of cancer to another part of the body.

The microorganisms in an environment and their genetic material.

The community of microorganisms living in a particular place.

A condition in which people and objects appear nearly weightless.

A plastic particle smaller than five millimetres.

A broad term for someone who moves from their usual home.

Turning carbon dioxide into stable mineral forms.

2014 and 2015 packages intended to stop fighting in the Donbas and create a political process.

A mistaken assessment of another actor’s intentions or response.

Inaccurate information shared without necessarily intending harm.

Action that reduces the causes of climate change.

Digital objects that interact with a mapped physical environment.

The process of recruiting and organising people and resources for military service.

A trained system that produces predictions or content.

Actions used to influence money, credit and demand.

The amount of money available in an economy.

A market dominated by one seller.

A risk that protection encourages more risky behaviour.

A loan used to purchase property.

A loan secured against a property.

Discomfort caused by conflicting visual and bodily signals.

An organisation or set of rules involving multiple states.

Cooperation involving multiple states.

A system with several major centres of power.

A change in genetic material

A DNA change

A genetic change

A change in a cell’s DNA.

One billionth of a metre.

A particle with dimensions measured in nanometres.

The study of potential harms caused by nanomaterials.

A political and military alliance whose members consult and commit to collective defence.

A balance between emissions released and removals from the atmosphere.

A change in one connected part altering the value, behaviour or performance of other parts.

Electrical or chemical activity produced by the nervous system.

The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganise.

A legal or political position concerning participation in conflict.

The fall in temperature that allows people and buildings to recover.

An outcome that grows disproportionately because a system has crossed a threshold or lost its spare capacity.

A substance the body needs for energy, growth or regulation.

Heat exposure occurring during work.

A fall in ocean pH as seawater absorbs carbon dioxide.

A very wealthy businessperson with substantial political influence, especially in post-Soviet states.

An approach connecting human, animal and environmental health.

A government’s policy concerning China and relations with Taiwan; formulations differ.

The conditions in which an automated system is designed to work.

A repeated path around a planet or other body.

Rock containing material that may be economically extracted.

A small laboratory-grown structure that mimics features of an organ.

More cases of a disease than expected in one place or group.

Goods or services produced by work.

Avoiding permitted activity because of perceived legal or operational risk.

Catching fish faster than populations can recover.

A small unit into which internet data is divided.

An epidemic spreading across countries or continents.

An organism or agent that can cause disease.

Negotiations aimed at resolving a conflict and establishing peace.

An international operation supporting peace under a defined mandate.

Software identifying roads, objects and movement.

Ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years.

Ground that remains frozen for at least two years.

The duration for which removed carbon stays stored.

How long a stored benefit is expected to last.

Indigenous organisations with a special role in the Arctic Council.

Information linked or linkable to a person.

An organism that harms crops or livestock.

The study of how genes influence response to medicines.

A deceptive message designed to steal information or access.

A limited trial used to test an approach.

A long network of pipes carrying oil or gas.

An organised move away from a high-risk location.

An electrically charged state of matter.

IMO rules addressing ships in polar waters.

A crater near a lunar pole

The distribution of major centres of power.

A deliberate course of action chosen by an institution.

Several crises interacting in ways that amplify their combined effects or make them harder to manage.

A substance used by beneficial microorganisms.

Care tailored using relevant biological and clinical differences.

Planning and capacity built before an emergency.

A deliberately managed fire used to reduce fuel or support ecosystems.

The feeling of being inside a mediated environment.

Action taken to reduce the chance or impact of disease.

A government limit on the price charged to consumers.

A measure tracking changes in the cost of a basket of goods and services.

A sudden and significant change in the cost of a product.

A live microorganism intended to provide a health benefit.

A label for a generation of chip manufacturing technology.

The amount produced from a given set of inputs.

Output produced from a given set of inputs.

Output produced for each unit of input.

Output produced from a given amount of labour or capital.

Output produced for a given amount of input.

Output produced from labour and other inputs.

Using data to infer interests, traits or likely behaviour.

Revenue left after a firm pays its costs.

A tax whose rate rises with the tax base.

An instruction or question given to an AI system.

Information designed to advance a political cause or viewpoint.

Material used to accelerate a rocket

A shared rule that allows computers to communicate.

An early version built to test an idea.

Information showing where media came from and how it changed.

A conflict in which outside powers support local sides.

A conflict where two opposing countries support combatants that serve their interests.

Structured treatment through conversation and psychological methods.

Money owed by a government.

How governments raise, spend and manage money.

Organised action to protect and improve the health of populations.

A service provided or funded for collective use.

How much goods and services money can buy.

How much a sum of money can buy.

An operation that changes a qubit’s state.

The basic unit of quantum information.

Energy that can damage living tissue

High-energy particles or waves that can damage living tissue.

A change in the energy balance affecting climate.

Malware that blocks data or systems and demands payment.

A group of elements used in many advanced technologies.

Formal state acceptance of a treaty or amendment through required procedures.

How prepared forces are to perform a mission.

Income measured after accounting for price changes.

Pay measured after accounting for price changes.

Actions intended to strengthen confidence in a commitment.

Cell molecule a virus can bind

A significant, widespread and sustained decline in economic activity.

A sustained decline in economic activity.

The period in which economic activity begins to improve.

The return toward a resting physical and mental state.

Cancer returning after treatment

Recovering materials from used products.

Moving resources through taxes and transfers.

Duplicating components so a service survives failures.

Replacing an existing loan with a new one.

Processing material to the purity or form needed for use.

Restoring forest on land that was previously forested.

A person protected after fleeing persecution or serious threats.

Individuals forced to flee their country due to conflict or persecution.

The return or regrowth of vegetation after disturbance.

Loose dust and rock covering the surface

Loose surface material

Rules governing how a technology may be developed or used.

An immune attack against transplanted material.

Reduced or absent detectable disease

Money sent by a migrant to people elsewhere.

Money a migrant sends to family or others in another country.

Following health measurements while a patient is away from a clinic.

Energy replenished naturally, such as wind or sunlight.

Payment made to use a property.

Income gained from control of a scarce asset or position.

Study participants who reflect the population the results will serve.

A population or environment in which a pathogen normally persists.

A lake or structure used to store water for later use.

Moving people to a new location with organised support.

Emissions that remain after other reductions.

The ability of a system to absorb disruption and continue essential functions.

The ability to absorb disruption and recover.

The ability to withstand disruption and recover.

The capacity to absorb shocks and continue functioning.

The ability to absorb disturbance and retain function.

Ability to withstand a drug

The ability of a microbe to survive a medicine designed to stop it.

Learning abilities needed for a different role.

A formal decision or statement adopted by a UN body.

Weak development associated with dependence on natural resources.

Rules and institutions governing extraction and its benefits.

Delivery of needed material from elsewhere

The price a customer pays in a shop or online.

An organisation’s ability to keep its employees.

Improving an existing building or system.

Money collected by a government, often through taxes.

A state sharing a river or other watercourse.

The combination of possible consequences and their likelihood.

A characteristic or exposure associated with a higher chance of an outcome.

The area draining into a river and its tributaries.

A programmable machine that senses and acts in the physical world.

A device that directs data between networks.

Instructions governing when and how force may be used.

Water flowing over land or through rivers after rain or melting.

A restriction used to pursue a political or security objective.

A restriction intended to pressure a country, organisation or person.

Restrictions on trade, finance, technology or individuals intended to change a government’s behaviour or reduce its capacity.

An object that travels around a larger body.

A key regional power supporting the Yemeni government against Houthi forces.

A structure that supports cells as tissue forms.

Moving a technology from limited trials to widespread use.

The size or extent of a process or effect.

Testing before symptoms appear

Frozen seawater floating on the ocean.

An increase in the average height of the ocean.

Operations to locate and assist people in danger.

The way conditions vary through the year.

The body with primary responsibility for international peace and security.

A commitment intended to deter attack or provide help if attack occurs; it may be political or legally binding.

Particles transported and deposited by water.

Small components organising themselves into larger structures.

The right of a people to decide its political future.

Practical administration through a territory’s own institutions.

A material used to make electronic components, including chips.

A material whose electrical behaviour can be controlled.

A material used to make the chips inside electronic devices.

A damaged cell that stops dividing but remains biologically active.

Development of immune recognition of an allergen.

A device that measures the surrounding environment.

A component that measures a physical signal.

Reading the genetic code of a pathogen.

Results reported separately by sex.

The scheduled arrangement of working hours.

A sudden event or change that disrupts a system’s normal operation.

Turning a digital model into printable layers.

A state with limited scale; definitions vary by population, economy and context.

A city using data and connected technology to manage services.

A moving column of gases and particles from a fire.

Snow accumulated on the ground that can melt later.

Housing provided with public or non-market support.

Public measures that help people manage hardship and risk.

Influence through attraction and perceived legitimacy.

A body cell whose changes are not normally inherited.

The authority to govern a territory and make collective decisions.

Authority exercised by a state over its territory.

A state’s authority over its territory and decisions.

Non-functioning human-made objects in orbit.

An international agreement about space activity

People, equipment, money or time available beyond normal needs and usable during disruption.

Buying an asset mainly because its price may rise.

Transmission of a pathogen from one species to another.

Extent of disease at diagnosis

A cell able to self-renew and develop into specialised cells.

Careful use of antimicrobial medicines

Using antimicrobial medicines only when and how they are needed.

Negative judgement that discourages people from seeking support.

Policy support intended to increase economic activity.

Material stored for future use or disruption.

Rainwater flowing through streets, drains and landscapes.

Leaving aspects of a potential response uncertain.

Capacity to make and implement choices with limited external dependence.

A place valuable for access, communications or security.

The body’s coordinated reaction to a perceived demand or threat.

Using a different material or technology.

Replacing a restricted input or supplier with another.

An informal term for a microbe resistant to several treatments.

A quantum state combining several possible outcomes.

The network of companies, workers, transport systems and suppliers needed to make and deliver something.

The connected steps that make and deliver a product.

The steps moving a product from producer to buyer.

A sudden event that reduces the energy available to buyers.

The total outer area available for reactions or contact.

Continuous collection and analysis of health information.

The collection and analysis of health data to detect threats.

A laboratory test showing which medicines can stop a microbe.

The ability to manage debt without destabilising finances.

Designing or redesigning biological systems using engineering principles.

A set of connected parts that influence one another.

The risk that failure in one part of a network spreads to other parts and threatens wider functioning.

The waterway between Taiwan and mainland China.

Identifying an object or person as a possible target.

A measure directed at particular actors or activities.

Treatment aimed at a specific molecular feature.

A tax placed on imported goods.

A specific activity within a job.

A compulsory payment to a public authority.

The income, spending, property or activity being taxed.

A reduction in tax owed under defined conditions.

Who ultimately bears the economic cost of a tax.

The principle that a state’s recognised territory should not be changed by force.

Coastal waters subject to sovereignty, with passage rights under international law.

The condition in which people feel neither too hot nor too cold.

A material’s ability to absorb and store heat.

A level at which behaviour changes significantly.

A threshold after which a system changes rapidly or persistently.

A magnetic device designed to confine fusion plasma.

The immune system’s ability to avoid attacking harmless targets.

A gain that requires accepting a cost or limitation.

A choice in which gaining one benefit can create another cost.

A choice in which gaining one benefit affects another.

Examples used to teach an AI system patterns.

A tiny electronic switch used to process information.

A period of moving from one work situation to another.

The path through which policy affects the economy.

The way an infection passes between hosts.

People unable to move despite serious risks or pressures.

The layer of leaves and branches providing shade from above.

A radioactive form of hydrogen used as fusion fuel.

An abnormal mass of cells

An abnormal mass of tissue caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

The share of eligible voters who vote.

The United Arab Emirates, a coalition partner with Saudi Arabia in the conflict.

An industrial formulation made largely from refined ingredients and additives.

The founding treaty of the United Nations.

The role of the United Nations in mediating and providing humanitarian assistance.

The share of people seeking work who cannot find it.

A system with one predominant centre of power.

Closer to the source in the direction opposite the flow.

Extra warmth created by built-up areas.

A city area warmer than nearby rural land.

A device measuring conditions in a city.

The Soviet Union, which existed until 1991 and included Ukraine and Russia as union republics.

The share of homes that are unoccupied.

Training immunity against a pathogen

Preparation that trains immunity

A preparation that trains the immune system against a disease.

Additional economic value created by an activity.

An interest rate that can move over time.

Formation of blood vessels within tissue.

Checking whether a claimed reduction or removal occurred.

A permanent member’s negative vote blocking a substantive Council decision.

A complete virus particle

A computer-generated environment designed to feel immersive.

Dividing physical computing hardware into flexible digital resources.

Infectious agent that uses host cells

Official permission to enter or remain in a country.

The factors that make harm more likely or severe.

A weakness that can be exploited.

The likelihood of being harmed by a hazard.

Payment received for work.

The rate at which workers’ pay increases.

A war in which each side tries to exhaust the other’s people, equipment, money and political will.

Rules for sharing available water among uses.

Frozen water in cold deposits

Frozen water

Reliable access to enough safe water for people and nature.

When demand is high compared with accessible supply.

A visible or hidden marker attached to content.

Land draining into a shared river, lake or sea.

The land area that drains rain into one river or lake.

An electronic device worn on the body that collects data.

A measure combining heat and humidity relevant to human cooling.

Where suppliers buy energy before selling it onward.

The price charged when goods are sold in large quantities.

An uncontrolled fire in vegetation or natural land.

The effort and pace required during working time.

The hours a person spends in paid work.

Rules controlling how land may be developed.

An infection that can pass between animals and humans.